Limpet home depressions in Cretaceous ammonites

Remarkable large pits were found on the shell surface of many ammonites from the Turonian-Maastrichtian sediments of Hokkaido, northern Japan, and Sakhalin, Russia. These pits are (1) round to elliptical in shape; (2) up to 20 mm (usually around 10 mm) in diameter; (3) shallow depressions to deep holes that almost penetrate the shell: (4) occasionally healed by a thin shell blister from inside the shell; (5) often overlapping one another; (6) several to more than 170 in number on one flank of the ammonites; (7) found on both flanks and predominantly on the body chamber and the final volution of the phragmocone; and (8) found only in the two families Pachydiscidae and Puzosiidae, predominantly of more than 300 mm in shell diameter. They can best be interpreted as the home depressions of patellogastropod limpets. The presence of pits on both flanks of the ammonites and those healed from inside the shell strongly suggest that the limpets were dwelling on mature swimming ammonites. Host specifity, their very small shell size compared with the host ammonites, and sparse Occurrence in sediments favor a mode of life as obligate pseudoplankton. We suggest that this remarkable limpet-ammonite association was well established in northwestern Pacific bioprovinces during the late Cretaceous. Taking this live association and the depth limit of algal growth as food for the limpets into consideration, the mature ammonites dwelled or periodically visited the upper layer of the euphotic zone, probably less than around 20 m in depth.